Med Hondo’s 1979 musical extravaganza West Indies: The Fugitive Slaves of Liberty is a satirical skewering of the legacy of French imperialism in the West Indies and beyond. From the outset, it defies categorization through its distinct sense of free association as it leaps from one colorful image to the next, often shunning context along the way. Throughout Hondo’s film, the xenophobic and racist rhetoric of haughty, predominately white French aristocrats, bureaucrats, and citizens is combatted, challenged, or lampooned by various African figures. Some are slaves, some are revolutionaries, while some are simply power hungry. The result is a deliriously iconoclastic anti-colonialist work that’s worthy of the finest films from roughly the same period by Ousmane Sembene and Dijbril Diop Mambéty.
Adapted by Hondo and Daniel Boukman from the latter’s novel Les Negriers, West Indies traces an epic history of colonial oppression and enslavement in the West Indies, stretching from the years of the African slave trade to the present, and it does so aboard a slave ship within an abandoned Citroën factory. Rarely does the energy of Hondo’s tongue-in-cheek sensibilities rarely slow as the sets change and seemingly hundreds of characters roam the highly theatricalized setting across the film’s nonlinear timeline. Like Hondo’s Soleil Ō, which burrows into the madness wrought by systemic racism through a blitz of narrative and stylistic techniques, West Indies is a bravura spectacle of intellectual and cinematic daring.
Much of the delight that underpins West Indies can be traced to the sense of humor with which it regards the pursuit of power, as a concept and ambition, as ludicrous and worthy of mockery. As the film opens, a tribunal of unnamed people convene to discuss how to eradicate “those little people” from the map. They’ve just watched a video of agricultural process, where farmers and laborers harvest crops and tend to the land. They shake hands, congratulating one another on simply having the desire to divide and conquer those who are not identical to them.
Shortly after these events, an election of an unknown sort is held and a Black man named La Parlementaire (Robert Liensol) is elected to rule an undisclosed territory. These elements are less a mystery to be unfurled than a prelude to a gag—so that the filmmakers can later have the man sit on a throne, simultaneously wearing a crown while holding a scepter and clutching a silver pistol. The man, who seemingly helped rig the election, simply luxuriates in having obtained power, as he doesn’t put forth any ideas, meaningful or otherwise, that would suggest that he’s ideologically motivated. The moment is emblematic of the film’s carnivalesque mode of satire, where the payoff often hinges on distilling corruption into a single irreverent image.
West Indies is deeply cinephilic, indebted to (and implicitly commenting on) Hollywood musicals and the films of Jacques Tati and Jean-Luc Godard, but its closest analog may be Dušan Makavejev’s 1974 picaresque comedy shocker Sweet Movie, which formulates its attack on ideologues through bizarre, and often musical, sequences that lambaste corruption run amok. But whereas Sweet Movie completely goes off the rails, with scenes of people, among other things, consuming and writhing in actual feces, Hondo utilizes his musical sequences to emphasize various forms of dance styles, including minuet, swing, and calypso, focusing on artistry and bodily expression first and foremost. Like in the dance films of Carlos Saura, these sequences are displays of pure movement, freed from the need to advance a linear story.
While West Indies at times finds itself in the grips of academicism through its soliloquies and asides, Hondo seldom presents them at face value, as they’re consistently undercut or challenged as yet another form of attempted persuasion. Hondo clearly comes from an anti-colonialist school of thought, following in the footsteps of writers such as Aimé Cesare and Frantz Fanon, but his film is no mere screed in the name of a particular agenda.
The kaleidoscopic sensibilities of West Indies are such that it verges at times on surrealist incoherence, with its absurdist inclinations overruling didactic political speech or sincere action. But it’s all the more thrilling and aptly liberating as a result of that. For all its far-reaching literary and cinematic reference points, there’s quite a bit of Luis Buñuel’s The Phantom of Liberty in the film’s DNA, namely in the way that the baton of the story is passed from one set of characters to the next. It’s yet another indication of Hondo’s fascination with the malleability of history, while also offering some kind of respite from his relentless stylistic fervor.
Image/Sound
Criterion’s transfer of a new 4K restoration of West Indies: The Fugitive Slaves of Liberty captures all the richness and beauty of Med Hondo’s visual symbolism, evident in everything from the use of color to the elaborate costume and production design. The image is consistently sharp and particularly impressive in its depth, which ensures that characters and objects deep in the background of the frame are presented with the utmost clarity. The uncompressed mono audio is equally strong, lending the eccentric score and song selections a much-needed resonance, while the dialogue is always clear and forward in the mix.
Extras
In a program featuring two archival interviews, Hondo discusses his approach to filmmaking, his strong belief that art should be for the people, and the importance of creating images he’s never seen before. In an excerpted archival interview, cinematographer François Catonné talks about the low-budget, “rock ‘n roll” shooting of Hondo’s 1967 film Soleil O and the challenges of making West Indies. On the disc’s lone newly filmed extra, Aboubakar Sanogo, a scholar of African cinema, provides essential cultural context for the film and breaks down its themes and much of its symbolism. The package is rounded out with a foldout booklet with an essay by film programmer and critic Ashley Clark, who discusses Hondo’s singular style and unflinching desire to express the righteous outrage of the African diaspora.
Overall
Med Hondo’s wildly ambitious musical gets a beautiful new transfer that should help secure his status as one of the more audacious and inventive filmmakers of his era.
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